Eye disorders
Eye tumors
What are Eye Tumors?
Eye tumors are tumors (growths) in the eye. They are not common, but when they do occur, they often grow on the colored part of the eye, called the iris, or at the back of the eye. Left untreated, they can seriously threaten not only vision but also life.
Many eye tumors show no symptoms in their early stages, but symptoms do appear as the tumor or tumors grow. Prompt diagnosis and effective treatment are essential in the management of eye tumors.
What are the symptoms of eye tumors?
Symptoms of eye tumors vary by tumor type and location within the eye, but may include:
- blurred vision
- blind spots
- reduced side vision
- white pupils
- strabismus
- red eyes
- pain in the eyes
- acute and total blindness
What can one expect from Eye Tumors?
There are many treatment methods for eye tumors. These range from laser therapy or radiation therapy to removing the tumor itself, and in extreme cases, removing the eye entirely, depending on the size, type, and location of the tumor.
More information about Eye Tumors
Extensive information is available about eye tumors. This information is intended to inform you about the most important aspects of this eye condition and is not intended to replace information received from a doctor or eye specialist. Links to websites with more information are provided, as well as information about resources that can help if you have been diagnosed with eye tumors.
The internet offers extensive information about eye tumors, and most countries have one or more associations or support groups for people with eye tumors. Our recommendations can be found under the "Resources" tab.
Living with Eye Tumors
Hearing that your vision has been affected by eye tumors can turn your world upside down. Once the initial emotions subside, it can be comforting to know you're not alone. Many people are in the same situation, some who have just received their own diagnosis and some who have been living with eye tumors for years.
If you experience low vision due to eye tumors, there are assistive devices available to help with tasks you struggle with. These devices can support tasks that require vision and help you continue to live a full and independent life.
Eye Tumor Resources
Our recommendations for eye tumors are:
Macular degeneration
What is Macular Degeneration?
Macular degeneration is an eye condition in which a gray spot appears in the center of the visual field. This can be a nuisance in daily life because this area helps us see objects clearly and enables us to perform tasks such as reading and driving.
Macular degeneration is the leading cause of vision loss in adults over 50. This eye condition is often called "age-related macular degeneration," or AMD. It is a progressive disease believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Macular degeneration can occur in "dry" and "wet" forms. The most common form is dry macular degeneration, which causes a gradual decline in vision. Wet macular degeneration is much less common and causes a more rapid decline in vision.
Dry Macular Degeneration
With dry macular degeneration, the light-sensitive cells in the central portion of vision gradually break down. Vision then gradually declines. This can begin with one or two spots, which gradually expand into larger spots.
The dry form of Macular Degeneration can be divided into three different stages:
- Early macular degeneration : small yellow spots form under the retina. There are hardly any symptoms or complaints, and no vision problems are experienced yet.
- Intermediate macular degeneration : The yellow spots become larger and vision begins to deteriorate. At this stage, reading and other tasks may require more light.
- Advanced macular degeneration : in addition to the yellow spots, the light-sensitive cells in the retina also break down. A large spot appears in the visual field. This spot can become larger and darker over time. It becomes more difficult to read and recognize faces, for example, unless they are directly in front of or below the eyes.
Wet Macular Degeneration
About 10-15% of people with macular degeneration have the "wet" form. This form of macular degeneration is caused by the leakage of blood and fluid from the blood vessels behind the retina. The released fluid pushes the retina upward, causing rapid vision loss. One of the first symptoms one may experience is that straight lines appear wavy.
What are the symptoms of macular degeneration?
Symptoms that may occur with macular degeneration include:
- blurred vision
- shadows or missing parts in your field of vision
- distortion of the image
- difficulty distinguishing colors
- slow adjustment of the eyes after exposure to bright light
- loss of contrast sensitivity
What can one expect from Macular Degeneration?
Macular degeneration damages the central part of your eye, which accounts for approximately 35% of your total vision. Peripheral vision is unaffected by macular degeneration, allowing you to continue to live a full and independent life. However, you may experience difficulty distinguishing faces, reading, and driving.
Contact with fellow sufferers
Most countries have one or more associations or support groups for people with macular degeneration. Here you can connect with others in the same situation and stay informed about the latest developments.
Macular Degeneration Tools
There are various devices available for people with macular degeneration, for example to enable them to read magazines and the mail again.
Our recommendations are:
Learn more about Macular Degeneration
Extensive information is available about macular degeneration. This information is intended to provide information on the most important aspects of this eye condition and is not intended to replace information provided by a doctor or eye specialist.
Living with Macular Degeneration
Hearing that your vision is affected by macular degeneration can be a world-changing experience. Once the initial emotions subside, it can be comforting to know you're not alone. Many people are in the same situation, some who have just received the diagnosis themselves, and some who have been living with macular degeneration for years.
Macular Degeneration Support Groups
Most countries have one or more associations or support groups for people with macular degeneration.
What does the future look like?
Many people with macular degeneration continue doing the things they always did. They may use their peripheral vision more and their other senses more throughout the day.
Macular degeneration is currently incurable. For wet macular degeneration, there are certain treatments that can slow the progression of this condition. Discuss this with your eye specialist to explore the available options.
If you experience low vision due to macular degeneration, there are assistive devices available to help you with tasks you struggle with. These devices can support you with tasks that require vision and can help you continue to live a full and independent life despite macular degeneration.
Glaucoma
What is Glaucoma?
Glaucoma is a chronic eye condition that damages the optic nerve in the eye, causing vision problems. The optic nerve, located at the back of the eye, transmits images received by the eyes to the brain for interpretation. Glaucoma results in progressive damage to the optic nerve and almost always begins with a gradual loss of peripheral (outer) vision. The main factor affecting the optic nerve is increased pressure within the eye. This can be caused by blockages in the eye's ducts, preventing the drainage of fluid within the eye and causing it to accumulate. If left undiagnosed and untreated, glaucoma can lead to progressive vision loss and eventually blindness.
There are two main types of glaucoma:
- Open-angle glaucoma
This type of glaucoma develops slowly and without acute attacks. It is the most common type of glaucoma. -
Closed-angle glaucoma
This type of glaucoma develops suddenly and requires prompt treatment to limit further damage.
Glaucoma rarely causes symptoms in its earliest stages, even though this is the stage when the disease is most treatable. Early-stage glaucoma can only be diagnosed through regular eye exams for people at risk. While anyone can develop glaucoma, some people are at higher risk and should be examined more frequently by an eye specialist.
- Major risk factors include:
- Age over 45 years
- Family members with glaucoma
- Having a dark skin color
- Cardiovascular diseases
- Optic nerve abnormalities
- High degree of nearsightedness (myopia)
- History of trauma to the eye
- Certain medicines/eye drops (e.g. steroids)
- Farsightedness (hyperopia)
If you meet one or more of these risk factors, it is wise to discuss the need for regular eye examinations with a doctor or specialist.
What are the symptoms of Glaucoma?
The symptoms of open-angle glaucoma are:
- gradual and progressive loss of vision
- changes in the optic nerve
The symptoms of closed-angle glaucoma are:
- sudden pain in the eyes
- seeing halos around light
- red eyes
- high intraocular pressure in the eye
- nausea and vomiting
- sudden reduced vision
What can one expect from Glaucoma?
Although optic nerve damage and vision loss due to glaucoma are irreversible, glaucoma is a controllable eye condition. Treatments are available to restore intraocular pressure and thus limit further damage to the optic nerve and progressive vision loss. Treatments may include eye drops, laser treatment, or surgery. Discuss the options with a doctor or eye specialist.
Learn more about Glaucoma
Extensive information is available about glaucoma. This information is intended to inform you about the most important aspects of this eye condition and is not intended to replace information from your doctor or eye specialist. Links to websites with more information are provided, as well as information about assistive devices that can help if you have been diagnosed with glaucoma.
The Internet provides extensive information about glaucoma and most countries have one or more associations or support groups for people with glaucoma.
Living with Glaucoma
Hearing that your vision has been affected by glaucoma can turn your world upside down. Once the initial emotions subside, it can be comforting to know you're not alone. Many people are in the same situation, some who have just received the diagnosis themselves, and some who have been living with glaucoma for years.
Many people with glaucoma continue to do the things they always did. If glaucoma is detected early, there's a good chance they'll still have enough vision to continue doing the activities they've always enjoyed. If the condition is advanced, some vision often remains. With the use of certain assistive devices, it's still possible to continue doing the things they enjoy.
If you experience low vision due to glaucoma, there are assistive devices available to help with tasks you struggle with. These devices can support tasks that require vision and help you continue to live a full and independent life.
Claucoma Devices
Our recommendations for Glaucoma are:
Diabetic Retinopathy
What is Diabetic Retinopathy?
Diabetic Retinopathy (abbreviated to DRP) is a complication of diabetes that affects the retina (the light-sensitive 'screen' at the back of the eye).
Diabetes causes abnormal fluctuations in the body's blood sugar levels. High blood sugar levels can alter the blood supply to all organs in the body, including the eyes. Eye damage occurs when high blood sugar levels accumulate in the blood vessels of the retina.
DRP has four stages:
1. Mild non-proliferative DRP
In this first phase, microaneurysms occur. These are small areas of balloon-like swelling in the small blood vessels of the retina.
2. Moderate non-proliferative DRP
As the disease progresses, some of the blood vessels that supply the retina become blocked.
3. Advanced non-proliferative DRP
Many more blood vessels become clogged, depriving large areas of the retina of blood flow. These areas send a signal to the body to create new blood vessels.
4. Proliferative DRP
In this advanced stage, new blood vessels are actually formed. These blood vessels are fragile and fragile. They grow along the retina and along the surface of the clear, vitreous gel that lines the inside of the eye. These blood vessels themselves don't cause any problems. However, they have thin and fragile walls. If these blood vessels leak blood, it can cause severe vision loss and sometimes even blindness.
Left untreated, DRP can lead to blindness. 80% of people with diabetes for more than 10 years develop DRP. Of these cases, 90% can be reduced with proper treatment and regular eye exams.
What are the symptoms of Diabetic Retinopathy?
Symptoms that occur with DRP include:
- variable vision
- black spots in the field of vision that seem to "float" (floaters)
- poor visibility in the dark
- blurred vision
- sudden loss of vision
- change of colors
- possibly pain in the eyes
What can one expect from Diabetic Retinopathy?
There is no cure for DRP. However, several treatments are available that can reduce symptoms. The best way to manage DRP is regular eye exams. If you have diabetes, it's wise to have regular eye exams to check for the development of DRP. Discuss this with your doctor or eye specialist.
Learn more about Diabetic Retinopathy
Extensive information is available about DRP. This information is intended to inform you about the most important aspects of this eye condition and is not intended to replace information received from a doctor or eye specialist. Links to websites with more information are provided, as well as information about resources that can help if you have been diagnosed with DRP.
The Internet provides extensive information about DRP and most countries have one or more associations or support groups for people with DRP.
Living with Diabetic Retinopathy
Hearing that your vision is affected by diabetic retinopathy can be a world-changing experience. Once the initial emotions subside, it can be comforting to know you're not alone. Many people are in the same situation, some newly diagnosed and some who have been living with DRP for years.
Many people with DRP continue doing the things they've always done. They may use their peripheral vision more and other senses more throughout the day.
DRP is currently incurable. Regular eye checkups are crucial for early detection and optimal treatment. Discuss this with your eye specialist to explore the available options.
If you experience low vision as a result of DRP, there are assistive devices available to help you with the tasks you struggle with. These devices can support you with tasks that require vision and can help you continue to live a full and independent life.
Diabetic Retinopathy Resources
Our recommendations for Diabetic Retinopathy are:
Cataract
What is Cataract?
A cataract is a clouding of the eye's lens, which lies just behind the pupil. The lens is composed primarily of water and proteins. The proteins are arranged in such a way that the lens remains clear and allows light to pass through. As we age, some of these proteins can clump together and cloud a small portion of the lens. This is a cataract, which can grow larger over time and cloud more of the lens, making it harder to see clearly. Cataracts typically progress slowly, causing gradual vision loss. If left untreated, cataracts can lead to blindness.
There are several types of cataracts, but they all share the common characteristic of affecting the transparency of the eye's lens. The cloudier the lens, the more advanced the cataract. Cataracts are the most common cause of vision loss in people aged 40 and older and are the leading cause of blindness worldwide.
What are the symptoms of cataracts?
Symptoms of cataracts include:
- blurred vision
- hypersensitivity to the sun or bright light
- lack of brightness in colors
- increasing myopia
- seeing halos around light
- frequent changes in glasses and/or lens strength
What can one expect from Staar?
Cataracts can occur in one or both eyes. If symptoms occur, new glasses, magnification, appropriate lighting, or other assistive devices can be used for a considerable time. If the cataract spreads, cataract surgery may be considered, in which the lens is removed and replaced with an artificial one. Cataract surgery is highly effective in restoring vision. Discuss your situation and options with your eye specialist to determine the best options.
More information about Cataracts
Extensive information is available about cataracts. This information is intended to inform you about the most important aspects of this eye condition and is not intended to replace information received from a doctor or eye specialist. Links to websites with more information are provided, as well as information about assistive devices that can help if a cataract has been diagnosed.
The Internet provides extensive information about cataracts, and most countries have one or more associations or support groups for people with cataracts.
Cataract Devices
Our recommendations for cataracts are:
Retinitis Pigmentosa
What is Retinitis Pigmentosa?
Retinitis Pigmentosa is the collective name for a group of hereditary disorders that have in common that they cause progressive degeneration of the retina (the light-sensitive 'screen' at the back of the eye).
The light receptors in the retina are called rods and cones. As a result of retinitis pigmentosa, the rods, and later the cones, slowly die, resulting in impaired vision. The main characteristic of retinitis pigmentosa is tunnel vision.
Retinitis Pigmentosa is a hereditary condition that affects both eyes. If it begins in one eye, the condition will affect the other eye within a few years. It is often diagnosed in adolescence but can be present from birth. When diagnosed at birth, it is often a stable and non-progressive form. When diagnosed later in life, it is often a mild form that develops more slowly than cases diagnosed in adolescence.
Retinitis Pigmentosa can lead to complete blindness, depending on the severity and progression.
There are other congenital conditions that share the same clinical symptoms as retinitis pigmentosa. The most common is Usher syndrome, which affects both hearing and vision. Other related syndromes include Best disease, choroideremia, cone-rod dystrophy, and Stargardt disease.
What are the symptoms of Retinitis Pigmentosa?
Symptoms of Retinitis Pigmentosa include:
- in an early stage, night vision problems
- reduced peripheral vision
- tunnel vision
What can one expect from Retinitis Pigmentosa?
There is currently no cure for Retinitis Pigmentosa. Research is ongoing to find treatments that can slow or even reverse this condition. Early diagnosis is crucial so that people can learn how to manage it and maximize their remaining vision.
Learn more about Retinitis Pigmentosa
Extensive information is available about Retinitis Pigmentosa. This information is intended to provide information on the most important aspects of this eye condition and is not intended to replace information from a doctor or eye specialist. Links to websites with more information are provided, as well as information about resources that can help if you have been diagnosed with Retinitis Pigmentosa.
The Internet provides extensive information about Retinitis Pigmentosa and most countries have one or more associations or support groups for people with Retinitis Pigmentosa.
Retinitis Pigmentosa Devices
Our recommendations for Retinitis Pigmentoas are:
Blindness
What is Blindness?
Blindness literally refers to people who cannot see at all. Some blind people have limited vision with the use of assistive devices or can distinguish light or a light source. Everyone who is blind experiences a significant reduction in vision. Blindness can result from a variety of causes; the most common are cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.
Worldwide, between 300 and 400 million people have some form of eye disease. Of this group, approximately 50 million are completely blind, nearly 85% of whom live in developing countries. Eighty percent of blindness occurs in people aged 50 or older.
What are the symptoms of Blindness?
Symptoms of blindness may include:
- sensitive eyes
- be aware of the eyes
- facial pain
- fluid from the eyes
- pain in the eyes
What can one expect from Blindness?
The degree of blindness and the possibilities for restoring sight depend on the cause. In some cases, such as cataracts, surgery can help restore vision completely or partially. In other cases, blindness is permanent and irreversible. People who become blind often require retraining and reorganization of their habits to learn to perform everyday tasks differently. Many blind people, despite sometimes significant limitations, still lead full and fulfilling lives.
More information about Blindness
Extensive information is available about blindness. This information is intended to provide information on the most important aspects of this eye condition and is not intended to replace information provided by a doctor or eye specialist. Links to websites with more information are provided, as well as information about assistive devices that can help those diagnosed with blindness.
The Internet provides extensive information about blindness and most countries have one or more associations or support groups for people who are blind.
Blindness Devices
Our recommendations for blindness devices are:
- Canes
Wagner syndrome
What is Wagner Syndrome?
Wagner syndrome is a rare hereditary condition that causes progressive visual impairment. In people with Wagner syndrome, the retina (the light-transmitting "screen" at the back of the eye) thins and eventually detaches from the eye. In addition, the fluid in the eye, which normally has a gel-like consistency, becomes thin and watery. Cataracts often develop from the age of 30, and the visual impairment worsens from around this age. Not everyone has the disease to the same degree, but in most cases, retinal detachments and cataracts occur.
Wagner syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition – people who have this condition pass it on to half of their children. People with the Wagner syndrome gene always develop symptoms. Therefore, it's not possible to be a carrier without symptoms.
The exact number of people with Wagner syndrome is unknown. Worldwide, there are at least 50 families with this condition.
What are the symptoms of Wagner Syndrome?
Eye problems in Wagner syndrome often include:
- Night blindness
- Cataract
- Myopia
- Dry eyes
- Retinal detachments
What can one expect from Wagner Syndrome?
Most people with Wagner syndrome will require multiple retinal surgeries to repair the retinal detachment. Treatment for cataracts is also often necessary. Because the gene responsible for Wagner syndrome has been identified, there is hope that this condition can one day be prevented.
Learn more about Wagner Syndrome
Extensive information is available about Wagner syndrome. This information is intended to provide information on the most important aspects of this eye condition and is not intended to replace information from a doctor or eye specialist. Links to websites with more information are provided, as well as information about resources that can help those diagnosed with Wagner syndrome.
The Internet provides extensive information about Wagner Syndrome, and most countries have one or more associations or support groups for people with Wagner Syndrome.
Living with Wagner Syndrome
The realization that your vision is affected by Wagner syndrome can be difficult to accept. Knowing you're not alone can be comforting. Many people are in the same situation, some who have just been diagnosed and some who have been living with Wagner disease for years.
If you experience low vision due to Wagner syndrome, there are assistive devices available to help with tasks you struggle with. These devices can support tasks that require vision and help you continue to live a full and independent life.
Wagner Syndrome Devices
Our recommendations for Wagner's disease are:
Graves' disease
What is Graves' Disease?
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is overactive and produces large amounts of hormones. This causes various health problems. Characteristics include a high heart rate and weight loss. In addition to the symptoms of an overactive thyroid, approximately 20% of patients experience eye problems. Eye symptoms often begin up to six months before or after the diagnosis.
The cause of Graves' disease is unknown. It is thought to be caused by environmental factors and heredity. It is known that women are diagnosed with Graves' disease more often than men.
What are the symptoms of Graves' disease?
Symptoms that may indicate someone has Graves' disease include:
- insomnia and hyperactivity
- trembling hands
- hair loss
- excessive sweating and heat intolerance
- weight loss despite increasing appetite
- diarrhea
- palpitations
- weak muscles
- over-concern, restlessness, easily irritated and/or emotionally unstable
Symptoms that occur when someone with Graves' disease also has eye problems include:
- inflammation of and around the eyes
- swelling of the eyelids
- pain around the eyes
- double vision
- limited view
What can one expect from Graves' disease?
Graves' disease treatment focuses on treating the thyroid gland. There are three methods for treating this:
- antithyroid drugs that slow the production of hormones
- partial or complete destruction of the thyroid gland by radioactive iodine
- partial or complete removal of the thyroid gland
Various treatments are available for the eye problems caused by Graves' disease, ranging from pain medication to specialized glasses or surgery. The eye symptoms associated with Graves' disease can persist for some time. Once the disease has stopped progressing, corrective surgery can address certain issues, such as overall comfort, double vision, and even improving the appearance of the eyes.
Discuss the best options with a doctor or specialist.
Learn more about Graves' disease
Extensive information is available about Graves' disease. This information is intended to inform you about the most important aspects of this eye condition and is not intended to replace information from a doctor or eye specialist. Links to websites with more information are provided, as well as information about resources that can help if you have been diagnosed with Graves' disease.
The Internet provides extensive information about Graves' disease and most countries have one or more associations or support groups for people with Graves' disease.
Living with Graves' Disease
Hearing that your vision is affected by Graves' disease can turn your world upside down. Once the initial emotions subside, it can be comforting to know you're not alone. Many people are in the same situation, some who have just received the diagnosis themselves, and some who have been living with Graves' disease for years.
If you experience low vision due to Graves' disease, there are assistive devices available to help with tasks you struggle with. These devices can support tasks that require vision and help you continue to live a full and independent life.
Graves' Disease Resources
Strabismus
What is Strabismus?
Strabismus is an eye condition in which the eyes are misaligned and point in different directions, commonly known as crossed eyes. One eye may look straight ahead, while the other points inward, outward, upward, or downward. The way the eye or eyes turn can be consistent or different each time. Which eye is straight and which is turning away can also vary.
Strabismus is often caused by a disruption in the brain's ability to coordinate eye movements. It can also be caused by weak eye muscles that prevent the eyes from straightening.
There are different types of strabismus, depending on eye movements and the age at which strabismus is diagnosed. Most cases of strabismus develop in young children.
If a child's eyes are not straight by four months of age, it is recommended to have them checked by an ophthalmologist.
What are the symptoms of Strabismus?
The most obvious symptom of strabismus is eyes that don't look in the same direction at the same time. Other symptoms may include:
- eyes that don't move at the same time
- squinting or closing your eyes in bright light
- turning the head to look at things
- bumping into things (strabismus affects depth perception)
- blurred vision
- tired eyes
- double vision
What can one expect from Strabismus?
Strabismus can be treated early. The general consensus among eye specialists is that the sooner treatment is started, the better the chances of success. If strabismus is left untreated, it can lead to reduced vision or irreversible eye damage. Treatment for strabismus may include glasses, surgical dressings, medications, eye exercises, etc. Discuss the best option with your eye specialist.
More information about Strabismus
Extensive information is available about strabismus. This information is intended to inform you about the most important aspects of this eye condition and is not intended to replace information from a doctor or eye specialist. Links to websites with more information are provided, as well as information about assistive devices that can help if you have been diagnosed with strabismus.
The Internet provides extensive information about Strabismus and most countries have one or more associations or support groups for people with Strabismus.
Living with Strabismus
The realization that your vision is affected by strabismus can be difficult to accept. Knowing you're not alone can be comforting. Many people are in the same situation, some who have just been diagnosed and some who have lived with strabismus for years.
If you experience low vision due to strabismus, there are assistive devices available to help with the tasks you struggle with. These devices can support tasks that require vision and help you continue to live a full and independent life.
Strabismus devices
Stargardt's disease
What is Stargardt's Disease?
Stargardt's disease is a hereditary eye condition that causes abnormalities in central vision at a very young age. It affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp vision. Symptoms are similar to those of macular degeneration. Stargardt's disease causes progressive visual impairment and, in some cases, near-blindness. The condition usually begins around the age of six or seven.
Stargardt's disease is often a recessive genetic disorder, meaning the affected individual inherits a gene from both parents that causes the condition. There are also known cases of a dominant variant, where a gene from only one parent causes the condition. The gene that causes Stargardt's disease is known, raising hopes for effective treatment.
What are the symptoms of Stargardt's disease?
Symptoms of Stargardt's disease include:
- Hypersensitivity to bright light
- Images appear wavy
- Blind spots
- Blurred vision
- Difficulty distinguishing colors
- Difficulty with limited light
- Increasing difficulty recognizing faces
What can one expect from Stargardt's disease?
Reduced vision due to Stargardt's disease cannot be corrected with glasses or contact lenses. Most people with Stargardt's disease experience significantly worsening vision loss. In some cases, peripheral vision (side vision) and night vision remain intact.
Learn more about Stargardt's disease
Extensive information is available about Stargardt's disease. This information is intended to inform you about the most important aspects of this eye condition and is not intended to replace information from a doctor or eye specialist. Links to websites with more information are provided, as well as information about resources that can help if you have been diagnosed with Stargardt's disease.
The Internet provides extensive information about Stargardt's disease and most countries have one or more associations or support groups for people with Stargardt's disease.
Stargardt's Disease Resources
Our recommendations for Stargardt's disease are:
Nystagmus
What is Nystagmus?
Nystagmus is an uncontrolled and involuntary movement of the eyes. The movement is often from left to right (horizontal), but it can also be up and down (vertical) or circular (rotational). The movement can vary from slow to fast and almost always involves both eyes. People with nystagmus are not always aware of their condition because they don't necessarily experience images as shaky. The exact cause of nystagmus is unknown, but it is thought to lie in the eye control system within the brain. Nystagmus can result in reduced vision. It affects approximately one in two thousand people.
There are two main types of nystagmus:
- Congenital nystagmus (also known as inborn nystagmus): This type of nystagmus always develops in young children, usually between the ages of six weeks and three months.
- Acquired nystagmus, this type, develops later in life and can have various causes, including association with serious medical conditions. Unlike children with congenital nystagmus, adults with acquired nystagmus may experience visual images as shaky.
What are the symptoms of Nystagmus?
The most common symptom of nystagmus is involuntary eye movements. Other symptoms may include:
- hypersensitivity to light
- dizziness
- difficulty seeing in the dark
- vision problems
- tilt the head
- feeling like the world is shaking
What can one expect from Nystagmus?
Nystagmus is almost always a permanent condition. The severity of the condition can be improved with various treatments. Improving vision with contact lenses and/or glasses is an important part of treating nystagmus. Other possible treatments include surgery or medication. Surgery can correct abnormal head positions or reduce the severity of the condition. Medication can also be used to reduce nystagmus, but its use is often limited due to the many side effects. Discuss the best options with your doctor or specialist.
More information about Nystagmus
Extensive information is available about nystagmus. This information is intended to inform you about the most important aspects of this eye condition and is not intended to replace information from your doctor or eye specialist. Links to websites with more information are provided, as well as information about assistive devices that can help if you have been diagnosed with nystagmus.
The internet offers extensive information about nystagmus, and most countries have one or more associations or support groups for people with nystagmus. Our recommendations can be found under the " Resources " tab.
Living with Nystagmus
The realization that your vision is affected by nystagmus can be difficult to accept. Knowing you're not alone can be comforting. Many people are in the same situation, some who have just been diagnosed and some who have lived with nystagmus for years.
If you experience nystagmus, there are assistive devices available to help you with the tasks you struggle with. These devices can support visual tasks and help you continue to live a full and independent life.
Tools Nystagmus
Our recommendations for Nystagmus are:
Keratoconus
What is Keratoconus?
Keratoconus is a progressive eye condition in which the cornea gradually thins and develops a cone-shaped deformity. The cornea is the transparent outer layer of the eye through which light enters. It accounts for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power.
Keratoconus can be difficult to diagnose because it almost always begins slowly. Nearsightedness and difficulty focusing light can complicate this condition and cause additional problems with blurred vision. This often makes a diagnosis difficult.
Keratoconus often occurs in both eyes and usually begins in childhood. It often doesn't fully develop until the ages of 20 and 30. In less than 10% of people with keratoconus, the condition is hereditary. It is more common in patients with atopic eczema, connective tissue disease, RP, or Down syndrome.
What are the symptoms of Keratoconus?
Symptoms of Keratoconus may include:
- distorted or blurred vision
- hypersensitivity to light
- many changes in the strength of glasses and/or lenses
- itchy eyes
- frequent rubbing of the eyes
- double vision if one eye is shielded
What can one expect from Keratoconus?
For the mildest forms of keratoconus, glasses or soft contact lenses can often provide improvement. As the condition progresses and the cornea begins to change shape, these treatments will no longer be sufficient to improve vision. If standard glasses or contact lenses are no longer sufficient, surgery to reshape the cornea or a corneal transplant may provide improvement. Discuss the options with your doctor or specialist.
Learn more about Keratoconus
Extensive information is available about keratoconus. This information is intended to inform you about the most important aspects of this eye condition and is not intended to replace information from a doctor or eye specialist. Links to websites with more information are provided, as well as information about resources that can help if you have been diagnosed with keratoconus.
The internet offers extensive information about keratoconus, and most countries have one or more associations or support groups for people with keratoconus. Our recommended keratoconus resources can be found under the "Resources" tab.
Living with Keratoconus
Hearing that your vision is affected by keratoconus can be a world-changing experience. Once the initial emotions subside, it can be comforting to know you're not alone. Many people are in the same situation, some newly diagnosed and some who have been living with keratoconus for years.
Many people with keratoconus continue to do the things they always did. If diagnosed early, there's a good chance they'll retain most of their vision and be able to continue doing the activities they always enjoyed. In advanced stages, the condition often leaves some vision. With the use of specific assistive devices, they can still do the things they love.
If you experience low vision due to keratoconus, there are assistive devices available to help you with tasks you struggle with. These devices can support you with tasks that require your vision and can help you continue to live a full and independent life.
Keratoconus Tools
Our recommendations for Keratoconus are:
Color blindness
What is Color Blindness?
Color blindness is the inability to distinguish between different colors. It is caused by a lack of color-sensitive pigment in the cone cells of the retina, the light-sensitive "screen" at the back of the eye. Most cases of color blindness are hereditary and congenital; approximately 1 in 12 men and 1 in 20 women are color blind.
Color blindness is a sex-linked condition caused by absent or damaged genes on the X chromosome. Because males only have one X chromosome, they have a greater chance of developing color blindness than females.
In some cases, color blindness can be acquired rather than congenital. This is often due to another eye condition or trauma to the eye. Eye conditions that can cause color blindness include glaucoma, macular degeneration, cataracts, and diabetic retinopathy.
Color blindness can be described as complete or partial, with complete color blindness being less common than partial color blindness. There are two main types of color blindness:
- red-green color blindness: difficulty distinguishing between red and green
- blue-yellow color blindness: difficulty distinguishing between blue and yellow
What can one expect from Color Blindness?
There is no cure for color blindness. Certain types of tinted filters or lenses can help you differentiate between certain colors. We recommend discussing the options with your eye care professional.
Learn more about Color Blindness
Extensive information is available about color blindness. This information is intended to inform you about the most important aspects of this eye condition and is not intended to replace information from a doctor or eye specialist. Links to websites with more information are provided, as well as information about assistive devices that can help those diagnosed with color blindness.
The internet offers extensive information about color blindness, and most countries have one or more associations or support groups for people with color blindness. Our recommended resources for color blindness can be found under the "Resources" tab.
Living with Color Blindness
The realization that your vision is affected by color blindness can be difficult to accept. Knowing you're not alone can be comforting. Many people are in the same situation, some who have just been diagnosed and some who have lived with color blindness for years.
People with color blindness can still perform the activities they've always done. There are tasks that can be challenging due to color blindness. In these cases, color blindness devices are available to help with the tasks they struggle with. These devices can support tasks that require vision and help them continue to live a full and independent life.
Color Blindness Resources
Our recommendations for Color Blindness are:
Dyslexia
What is Dyslexia?
Dyslexia is an invisible disability that makes reading, writing, spelling, and sometimes speaking difficult. It is caused by a disorder in the brain's ability to convert images or sounds into understandable language. Dyslexia is not an intellectual disability, as dyslexia and IQ are not linked.
There are several functions that can be affected by dyslexia:
- Visual dyslexia: causes difficulty reading and understanding texts
- Auditory dyslexia: causes difficulty interpreting and understanding sound
- Attentional dyslexia: causes difficulty reading words in sentences because too many words and letters are visible
The different types of dyslexia can vary in severity; the sooner all types of dyslexia are recognized and treated, the greater the chance of improving language skills.
What are the symptoms of dyslexia?
The symptoms of dyslexia depend on the severity of the condition as well as the age of the person with dyslexia.
Children up to 4 years old
- We'll talk later
- Slowly learning new words
- Difficulty with rhyming words, such as nursery rhymes
- Limited knowledge of the alphabet
- Flip or mirror letters
Children in the first years of primary school
- Difficulty reading the alphabet and determining the order of the letters
- Difficulty associating sounds and the letters they represent
- Difficulty recognizing or naming rhyming words or counting the number of syllables in a word
- Difficulty segmenting words into different sounds or blending sounds together to make words
Children in later years of primary school
- Slow and sloppy reading (making many reading mistakes)
- Bad spelling
- Difficulty reading aloud, reading words out of order, or skipping words
- Difficulty keeping track of time and sense of time when performing tasks
- Difficulty with organizational skills
- Tendency to add or skip letters or words while writing and reading
What can one expect from Dyslexia?
Dyslexia treatment always begins with comprehensive testing to identify the specific challenges. There is no cure for dyslexia, but various treatments can reduce its symptoms. The severity of the dyslexia, as well as the age at which it is discovered, influence how it develops and how a person learns to cope with it.
More information about Dyslexia
Extensive information is available about dyslexia. This information is intended to provide information on the most important aspects of this eye condition and is not intended to replace information received from a doctor or healthcare professional. Links to websites with more information are provided, as well as information about assistive devices that can help those diagnosed with dyslexia.
The Internet provides extensive information about dyslexia and most countries have one or more associations or support groups for people with dyslexia.
Living with Dyslexia
Realizing you have dyslexia can be difficult to accept. Knowing you're not alone can be comforting. Many people are in the same situation, some who have just received the diagnosis themselves, and some who have lived with dyslexia for years.
If you experience problems due to dyslexia, there are dyslexia devices available devices can support reading tasks and help you continue to live a full and independent life.
Dyslexia Resources
Our recommendations for Dyslexia are:
Choroideremia
What is Choroideremia?
Choroideremia is a genetic eye condition that causes progressive vision loss. This eye condition is caused by the degeneration of the retina and the network of blood vessels behind the retina called the choroid.
Night blindness is the most common initial symptom. As the disease progresses, there is a loss of peripheral vision (tunnel vision) and later a loss of central vision. It is estimated that 1 in 50,000 to 100,000 people has choroideremia, and the condition occurs almost exclusively in men.
Symptoms of choroideremia are often noticed by the time a boy starts primary school. In families where the condition is known to be hereditary, testing can be performed early. Choroideremia is a sex-linked disorder caused by multiple mutations on the Rab escort protein-1 gene on the X chromosome. Because males have only one X chromosome, they are more likely than females to develop the disease.
Choroideremia is a progressive eye disease, but the rate of progression varies from person to person. However, all individuals with this condition will eventually develop blindness, usually in late adulthood.
Other hereditary eye conditions share some symptoms with choroideremia. In its early stages, choroideremia is often confused with retinitis pigmentosa, as both present with symptoms of night blindness and tunnel vision. The eye disease is most similar to gyrate atrophy.
What are the symptoms of Choroideremia?
Symptoms of choroideremia include:
- night blindness
- reduction of peripheral vision
- tunnel vision
What can one expect from Choroideremia?
There is currently no cure for choroideremia. Research is ongoing to find treatments that can slow or even reverse this condition. Early diagnosis is crucial so that people can learn how to manage it and maximize their remaining vision.
More information about Choroideremia
Extensive information is available about choroideremia. This information is intended to inform you about the most important aspects of this eye condition and is not intended to replace information received from a doctor or eye specialist. Links to websites with more information are provided, as well as information about resources that can help if you have been diagnosed with choroideremia.
The Internet provides extensive information about Choroideremia and most countries have one or more associations or support groups for people with Choroideremia.
Living with Choroideremia
Hearing that your vision is affected by choroideremia can turn your world upside down. Once the initial emotions subside, it can be comforting to know you're not alone. Many people are in the same situation, some who have just received the diagnosis themselves, and some who have been living with choroideremia for years.
Many people with choroideremia can continue most activities. With the use of specific assistive devices, it's often possible to continue doing the things they love.
If you experience low vision due to choroideremia, there are assistive devices available to help you with tasks you struggle with. These devices can support you with tasks that require your vision and can help you continue to live a full and independent life.
Choroideremia Resources
Our recommendations for Choroideremia are:
Albinism
What is Albinism?
Albinism refers to a group of conditions in which people have little to no pigment in their eyes, skin, and hair. Albinism is caused by inherited genes that produce too little of the pigment melanin. Depending on the amount of melanin in the eyes, different types of albinism can be distinguished. What these different types have in common is that they are all associated with impaired vision. Vision problems in albinism are caused by abnormal development of the retina and abnormal nerve connections between the eyes and the brain.
Albinism affects people of all ethnic backgrounds; its prevalence worldwide is estimated at 1 in 17,000.
What are the symptoms of Albinism?
Eye problems in albinism often include:
- Nystagmus: spontaneous involuntary eye movements
- Strabismus: crossed eyes or a lazy eye
- Photophobia: hypersensitivity to bright light
- Nearsightedness and farsightedness
- Underdevelopment of the optic nerve
- Discoloration of or white eyes due to insufficient pigment
What can one expect from Albinism?
Treatment for albinism focuses primarily on visual rehabilitation. Surgery may alleviate some symptoms, such as strabismus and nystagmus. While vision cannot be completely restored, several albinism devices are available to assist with a variety of daily tasks.
Living with Albinism
The realization that your vision is affected by albinism can be difficult to accept. Knowing you're not alone can be comforting. Many people are in the same situation, some who have just received the diagnosis themselves, and some who have been living with albinism for years.
If you experience low vision due to albinism, there are assistive devices available that can help with tasks you struggle with. These devices can support you with tasks that require vision and can help you continue to live a full and independent life.
Albinism Resources
Our recommendations for Albinism are:
Refractive errors
What are Refractive Errors?
Refractive errors are abnormalities in the eye's optical system that prevent the formation of a sharp image at various distances. This is the most common and well-known eye condition and encompasses several types:
Spherical aberrations
Spherical aberrations occur when the eye's optical power is too high or too low to properly project light onto the retina, the light-sensitive "screen" at the back of the eye. Examples include:
Myopia
Myopia is better known as nearsightedness. Nearsightedness causes images seen in the distance to be blurred, while images close to the eye remain sharp.
Hyperopia
Hyperopia is better known as farsightedness. Farsightedness causes images seen in the distance to be sharp, while images closer to the eye are blurred.
Cylindrical deviations
Cylindrical aberrations occur when the eye's optical power is either too strong or too weak. Examples include:
Astigmatism
Astigmatism is caused by an irregularly shaped cornea (the cornea is responsible for projecting images onto the retina). In an eye with astigmatism, some parts of the image are projected behind (or in front of) the retina, while other parts of the image are focused on the retina. As a result, the image is not completely sharp.
Presbyopia
Presbyopia is also called age-related vision loss. With age, the flexibility of the eye's lens decreases, making it difficult for the eye to focus properly on objects close to the eye.
Refractive errors affect a large part of society – many people suffer from them to a greater or lesser extent.
What are the symptoms of Refractive Errors?
The symptoms of Refractive errors vary from person to person:
- Headache
- Fatigue
- Tense eyes
- Squinting of the eyes
- Blurry or distorted images, either close up or at a distance
What can one expect from Refractive Errors?
How refractive errors are treated depends on the severity and extent of the condition. Glasses and contact lenses are often used to correct the blurred vision caused by refractive errors. In some cases, surgery can resolve the symptoms. Discuss the options with your doctor or specialist.
More information about Refractive errors
Extensive information is available about refractive errors. This information is intended to inform you about the most important aspects of this eye condition and is not intended to replace information received from a doctor or eye specialist. Links to websites with more information are provided, as well as information about assistive devices that can help if a refractive error has been diagnosed.
The Internet provides extensive information about refractive errors and most countries have one or more associations for people with refractive errors.
Refractive Error Tools
Our recommendations for Refractive errors are:
Usher Syndrome
What is Usher Syndrome?
Usher syndrome is the most common condition affecting both vision and hearing. It is a rare genetic disorder that is the leading cause of deafblindness.
The main symptoms of Usher Syndrome are deafness and the eye condition Retinitis Pigmentosa.
Usher Syndrome can be divided into three clinical types:
Usher type I
People with Usher type 1 are born deaf. Their vision typically begins to decline around age 10. People with Usher type 1 often also have balance problems and difficulty learning to walk.
Usher type II
People with Usher syndrome type II are not born deaf, but they are hearing impaired. They have no visible balance problems and begin to experience vision loss after the age of 20.
Usher type III
People with Usher type II are not born deaf. They only experience hearing and vision loss later in life.
Usher syndrome is a variable condition, and the severity of the abnormality is not necessarily determined by the clinical type. Of those with retinitis pigmentosa, approximately one-sixth have Usher syndrome.
Usher syndrome is a hereditary condition, meaning it is genetically determined. It is a recessive condition, meaning both parents must have the gene for a child to have Usher syndrome.
What are the symptoms of Usher Syndrome?
Symptoms of Usher syndrome include:
- deafness or progressively worsening hearing
- Retinitis Pigmentosa
- difficulty balancing
- tunnel vision
What can one expect from Usher Syndrome?
There is no medical treatment that can prevent Usher Syndrome. The best treatment involves early diagnosis so that retraining and therapies can begin as soon as possible. The precise content of such programs depends on the prevalence of the syndrome and the severity of the impairments. Hearing devices, implants, other communication devices, orientation and mobility training, and devices for the visually impaired and/or Braille may also be used in addition to these progra
Learn more about Usher Syndrome
Extensive information is available about Usher syndrome. This information is intended to inform you about the most important aspects of this eye condition and is not intended to replace information from a doctor or eye specialist. Links to websites with more information are provided, as well as information about resources that can help if you have been diagnosed with Usher syndrome.
The Internet provides extensive information about Usher Syndrome and most countries have one or more associations or support groups for people with Usher Syndrome.
Living with Usher Syndrome
Hearing that your vision is affected by Usher syndrome can be a world-changing experience. Once the initial emotions subside, it can be comforting to know you're not alone. Many people are in the same situation, some newly diagnosed and some who have lived with Usher syndrome for years.
Many people with Usher syndrome can continue to do most activities. In most cases, peripheral vision (vision to the sides) remains. With the use of specific assistive devices, it is often possible to continue doing the things they love.
Usher Syndrome Resources
Our recommendations for Usher Syndrome are: